Separation of powers political science class questions Assignment

Separation of powers political science class questions - Assignment Example and better born have authority and are few." For example, regarding offices one would have elections (an oligarchic element) but no property assessment (a democratic element). Montesquieu agrees in part with Aristotle’s ideas of combining a democracy with oligarchy. He terms them â€Å"executive† and â€Å"legislative† branches, but they are in effect the same as Aristotle’s â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"oligarchy†. Montesquieu echoes Aristotle’s arguments that having the mixture of the traditional governing bodies would balance the power and authority. Further more, he references Aristotle in his book by saying; â€Å"The inhabitants of a particular town are much better acquainted with its wants and interests than with those of other places; and are better judges of the capacity of their neighbors than of that of the rest of their countrymen. The members, therefore, of the legislature should not be chosen from the general body of the nation; but it is proper that in every considerable place a representative should be elected by the inhabitants† (Montesquieu). Aristotle, Montesquieu, and Locke all support the notion that civil society originates when, for the better administration of the law, men agree to delegate legal functions to certain officers. They are all against a â€Å"monarchy† government as it does not support a civil society. It by definition corrupts the individual who is given all of the power. Both Aristotle and Montesquieu allow for a balance between the oligarchy/monarchy and the democracy by allowing an â€Å"executive† element who’s function is to balance that of the legislative/democratic element. 2) Aristotle believed that there were three classes. At the bottom were the farmers, laborers, and poor. As this class of people did not have the leisure time to pursue education, they would make a meager ruling class. The ruling class Aristotle argued should be comprised of the leisured classes, and the â€Å"middling element†. He clarifies that the

Planning Function of Management Essay Example for Free

Planning Function of Management Essay Planning is a crucial function of management that enables an organization to achieve its maximum potential. Halliburton is one of the largest corporations in the United States, with a workforce of over 100,000 people in over 120 countries. Their home office is located in Houston, Texas and they are one of the worlds largest providers of products and services to the oil and gas industry. This paper will discuss the issues impacting and influencing management planning within Halliburton. Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things. Peter DruckerIt takes successful management at all levels and quality leadership to lead a business down the proverbial golden path. Planning is the primary management function, which formalizes an organizations goals and objectives and establishes a base for the other functions of management. Halliburton Company is an oilfield services company and a provider of engineering and construction services that was founded in 1919. The company has expanded through tremendous internal growth and several acquisitions and in March, 2002, Halliburton split into two main divisions: the Energy Services Group (ESG) and Kellog Brown and Root (KBR). ESG offers a wide range of products and services to upstream oil and gas customers worldwide, ranging from the manufacturing of drill bits and other downhole and completion tools and pressure pumping services (www.halliburton.com) [APA citation error (incorrect-do not use Web addresses or URLs in citations). If the author is cited in text = Authors name (year) direct quote (p. #). If the author is not cited in text = direct quote (author, year, p. #).] . KBR is the engineering subsidiary for Halliburton and is a global leader in construction and project management. Additionally, KBR is a leading government services contractor, which has been t he focal point of many legal and ethical issues. Halliburton has received a great deal of negative publicity over the past year or so regarding it Iraq and Kuwait operations. The Pentagon and Justice Department have both launched criminal investigations due to erroneous contract cost estimates totaling $2.7 billion to serve American troops in  the middle east. Accusations have been made of overcharging for meals supplied to troops in Iraq, as well as employees accepting kickbacks from a Kuwaiti subcontractor. Pentagon auditors found that KBR overcharged the U.S. government by $27.4 million during a period of nine months in 2003. Additionally, Halliburtons internal audit revealed employees accepted these kickbacks in exchange for providing Army supply contracts to the subcontractor (Associated Press). Limited military spending has created lucrative opportunities for privately held companies such as Halliburton to win these contracts and will continue to be at the forefront of media campaigns as long as the United States remains in Iraq, especially when it comes to Dick Cheney. [You have addressed the issue thoroughly and supported your assertions.] Much speculation has been generated in regard to current Vice President of the United States and former Halliburton CEO Dick Cheneys financial ties to his former company. On the September 14, 2003 edition of NBCs Meet the Press, Vice President Cheney said, And since I left Halliburton to become George Bushs vice president, Ive several all my ties with the company, gotten rid of all my financial interest. I have no financial interest in Halliburton of any kind and havent had, now, for over three years (St. Louis Journalism Review). However, it came to light that Cheney received a salary of over $150,000 and maintained over 400,000 shares of unexercised stock options at the time. Cheney stated that he deferred his salary and stock options; therefore it did not constitute a violation of ethics. The Congressional Research Service found that these financial interests in Halliburton demonstrated a financial interest with his former employer creating a conflict of interest. Despite the fact that Cheney broke the law of ethics, he is exempt from the enforcement of such laws and cannot be prosecuted for it (Halliburton Watch). KBR is the largest military contractor in Iraq, with more than 50,000 employees and subcontractor working there and in Kuwait and Afghanistan. These employees drive trucks, wash clothes, deliver mail, and provide additional support services for the U.S. troops. These workers are part of the Pentagons privatization strategy that enables the military to reduce the number of troops needed in a given location by assigning noncombat functions to civilians. Halliburtons social responsibility is to keep these  workers safe and away from fighting, but it has proved a difficult task. Numerous complaint and lawsuits have surfaced because of Halliburtons failure to provide safe working conditions and in the case of one man who was killed, the suit states he was intentionally sent the convoy as an enemy decoy in the U.S. military camouflage vehicles, to ensure the safe arrival and delivery of a second H-KBR fuel convoy (CNNMoney.com). Halliburtons social responsibility remains in question with workers being placed in harms way on a regular basis. Factors influencing Halliburtons strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning include political instability, rising steel prices, and environmental regulations. Halliburton operated in countries such as Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Indonesia, and Russia, which are currently experiencing unstable political and social climates. Continued conflict in these areas could have an impact on the companys bottom line and their ability to generate substantial revenue. Steel is a major commodity that is used in the setting up of plant and processing facilities for natural gas and petroleum refining. Record breaking high prices were reached in early 2005, but have since stabilized. However, the ongoing consolidation in the steel industry could lead to higher prices causing the profit margins to suffer. Lastly, Halliburton is subject to environment and legal requirement in its worldwide operations, such as the Clean Air Act and Clean Air Interstate Rule, causing the states to re duce the allowable sulfur dioxide SO2 emissions by 70% and nitrogen oxides emissions by 60%. Environmental issues such as these could place a burden on is cash flow. [Insightful analysis]Halliburton has an exceptional global presence and they are currently playing a prominent role in rebuilding Iraq and by providing our troops with shelter, meals, and delivery of materials. Although Halliburton has come under intense scrutiny over the past several years due to its involvement with Vice-President Chaney and its legal and ethical issues, it has still managed to win military contracts due to its expertise in the oil service industry. This shows tremendous resiliency and reassures its customers and stockholders that it will continue to be a strong force in the oilfield services industry. [Your paper is well written. It is clear and concise.]References-references must match citations by author/owner. References begin with author/owner name e.g. CNN.money and Halburton are the owners of the websites. See examples in APA manual. MarketLine Business Information Center. Retrieved January 27, 2007 fromhttp://dbic.datamonitor.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/companies/company/?pid=B07921BD-F512-44F2-AE84-4DA7D8630C9D#CompanyOverviewTop 25 Censored Stories. St. Louis Journalism Review; Dec 2006/Jan 2007, Vol. 36Issue 292, P23-27, 5p. Retrieved January 26, 2007 fromhttp://web.ebscohost.com. Decision Management System. Retrieved January 28, 2007 from www.halliburton.comHalliburton Announces Full Year and Fourth Quarter Results. Retrieved January 28,2007 from http://CNNMoney.comKelly, Matt. (2003, March). Halliburton Fires Workers for Allegedly Taking Kickbacksfor Iraq Contract. Retrieved Janury 27, 2007 from www.commondreams.orgTotal points available=14Your score=13.75Areas for improvement=teal belowContent and Development = 40%_____ Key elements covered, content comprehensive/accurate, clear points supported with detail, appropriate use of vocabulary, integration of theory and practice, research adequate/timely, content and purpose clear. Very good work on this section. Organization = 30%_____ Lead is interesting and relevant, thesis is well-developed, directional statement previews major points, paragraph transitions maintain flow, body paragraphs support a specific major point, conclusion is logical/flows evenly, conclusion reviews major points. Good work-very well organized. Easy to read. Format = 10%_____ APA format, reader friendly, utilizes references appropriately, headings aid adaptability/not overdone, neatly presented, format requirements followed. Some small errors in APA formatting of reference page and citations. (-.25)Mechanics = 10%_____ Punctuation rules followed, contractions avoided, spelling correct, vernacular is avoided, written in same person throughout, tense remains consistent. Readability and Style-10%_____ Complete, clear, concise statements, well constructed sentences, sentence transitions present, words/concepts precise,

Evaluating Path Queries Over Updated Route Collection

Evaluating Path Queries Over Updated Route Collection EVALUATING PATH QUERIES OVER FREQUENTLY UPDATED ROUTE COLLECTION Miss S. Deepa, Mr M. Baskar ABSTRACT The recent advances in the infrastructure of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the proliferation of GPS technology, have resulted in the abundance of geo-data in the form of sequences of points of interest (POIs), waypoints etc. To sets of such sequences as route collections. The path queries on frequently updated route collections: given a route Collection and two point’s ns and nt, a path query returns a path, i.e., a sequence of points that connects ns to nt. The introduce two path query evaluation paradigms that enjoy the benefits of search algorithms (i.e., fast index maintenance) while utilizing transitivity information to terminate the search sooner. Efficient indexing schemes and appropriate updating procedures are introduced. An extensive experimental evaluation verifies the advantages of our methods compared to conventional graph-based search. Keywords: GIS, RTS, MRSE, Data Mining, GPS. 1. INTRODUCTION Data mining is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information. The data mining algorithms need to process large amounts of data, the desired patterns has to be found under acceptable computational efficiency limitations. The main goal of data mining is to discover new patterns for the users and to interpret the data patterns to provide meaningful and useful information for the users. Data mining has widely use in various do mains such as medical, healthcare, higher education, telecommunication etc. Databases today can range in size into the terabytes more than 1,000,000,000,000 bytes of data. Within these masses of data lies hidden information of strategic importance. But when there are so many trees, how do you draw meaningful conclusions about the forest? The newest answer is data mining, which is being used both to increase revenues and to reduce costs. The potential returns are enormous. innovative organizations worldwide are already using data Mining to locate and appeal to higher-value customers, to reconfigure their product offerings to Increase sales, and to minimize losses due to error or fraud. Data mining is a process that uses a variety of data analysis tools to discover patterns and Relationships in data that may be used to make valid predictions. The first and simplest analytical step in data mining is to describe the data summarize its statistical attributes (such as means and standard deviations), visually review it using charts and graphs, and look for potentially meaningful links among variables (such as values that often occur together). As emphasized in the section on the data mining process, collecting, exploring and selecting the right data are critically important. But data description alone cannot provide an action plan. The must build a predictive model based on patterns determined from known results, then test that model on results outside the original samples. 1.1 OVERVIEW OF ROUTE COLLECTION Updating Route Collections The case when new routes are added in the collection, while addresses deletions. The all index structures are stored as inverted file on secondary storage. To handle frequent updates, we perform lazy updates, deferring propagation of changes to the disk by maintain additional information in main memory. Then, at some time, a batch update process reflects all changes to the disk resident indices. Insertions are handled by merging memory-resident information with disk-based indices, while deletions require rebuilding of the affected lists. Routes of Database THE LINK TRAVERSAL SEARCH PARADIGM Although the algorithms of Section 3 perform fewer iterations than conventional depth-first search on the route collection graph GR, they share three shortcomings. First, they perform redundant iterations by visiting non-links. To understand this, consider that the current search node is not a link and belongs to a single route. Further, assume that the algorithm has visited which is the link immediately before. Observe that if the termination condition does not hold at then it neither holds. To make matters worse, retrieving routes is pointless as it contains a single route in which all nodes after are already in the stack. The second shortcoming is that the termination check is expensive. For current search node, recall that both RTS and RTST retrieve lists routes and routes from R-Index, while RTST additionally retrieves all lists transfrom T -Index for each included in routes. This cost is amplified by the number of iterations, as the algorithms perform the check for every node popped. The final shortcoming is due to the traversal policy. For each route that the current search node belongs to, the algorithms insert into the stack route subsequences that contain a very large number of nodes. This increases the space requirements of Q (and consequently of sets H, A). More importantly, however, some of these nodes may never be visited, which results to redundant I/Os incurred to retrieve them. A good model should never be confused with reality (you know a road map isn’t a perfect representation of the actual road), but it can be a useful guide to understanding your business. The final step is to empirically verify the model. For example, from a database of customers who have already responded to a particular offer, you’ve built a model predicting which prospects are likeliest to respond to the same offer. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY P.Bouros, S.Skiadopoulos, T.Dalamagas, D.Sacharidis, and T.K.Sellis. The propose a novel framework, called Mobile Commerce Explorer (MCE), for mining and prediction of mobile users’ movements and purchase transactions under the context of mobile commerce. To our best knowledge, this is the first work that facilitates mining and prediction of mobile users’ commerce behaviors in order to recommend stores and items previously unknown to a user. The perform an extensive experimental evaluation by simulation and show that our proposals produce excellent results. T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein Searching temporal patterns on personal histories that have hundreds or thousands of events with tens of thousands of histories in a database can take a long time. Our experience in building a query interface extension for Amalgam revealed some performance problems using SQL. A temporal pattern query in SQL is not feasible for the hospital’s database of thousands of patients because of prohibitively high number of self-join operations. Only after building additional indices and preprocessing (which it can take hours) could a temporal pattern query be managed Even so, the running time increases exponentially with the number of elements in the pattern. J. Cheng, J. X. Yu, X. Lin, H.Wang, and P. S. Yu To consider path queries on frequently updated route collections: given a route collection and two points ns and nt, a path query returns a path, i.e., a sequence of points, that connects ns to nt. We introduce two path query evaluation paradigms that enjoy the benefits of search algorithms (i.e., fast index maintenance) while utilizing transitivity information to terminate the search sooner. Efficient indexing schemes and appropriate updating procedures are introduced. An extensive experimental evaluation verifies the advantages of our methods compared to conventional graph-based search. 3. ALGORITHM FILTER ALGORITHM Input: D (F0, F1 Fn−1) // a training data set with N features S0 // a subset from which to start the search ÃŽ ´ // a stopping criterion Output: Sbest // an optimal subset step1: begin step2: initialize: Sbest = S0; step3: ÃŽ ³best = eval (S0, D, M); // evaluate S0 by an independent measure M step4: do begin step5: S = generate (D); // generate a subset for evaluation step6: ÃŽ ³ = eval(S, D, M); // evaluate the current subset S by M step7: if (ÃŽ ³ is better than ÃŽ ³best) step8: ÃŽ ³best = ÃŽ ³; step9: Sbest = S; step10: end until (ÃŽ ´ is reached); step11: return Sbest; step12: end; 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT This section presents a detailed study of all algorithms introduced. This Section details the setting, while evaluate index construction, querying and index maintenance, respectively, of all methods. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The route traversal methods, RTS and RTST, and the link traversal algorithms, LTS, LTST and LTS-k. To gauge performance we compare against conventional depth-first search (DFS) on the reduced routes graph GR. All algorithms are written in C++ and compiled with the evaluation is performed on a 3 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo CPU with 4GB RAM running Debian Linux. We generate synthetic route collections varying the following parameters: The number of routes in the collection, |R|, The route length, The number of distinct nodes in the routes, |N|, and The links/nodes ratio. In each experiment, we vary one of the parameters while we keep the others to their default values. EVALUATING PATH QUERIES The efficiency of the proposed methods for processing PATH queries. All reported values are the averages taken by posing 5,000 distinct queries. Note that in Sections all considered queries have an answer, i.e., a path exists; the case of queries with no answer is investigated in the Section. Route vs link traversal search. The route traversal search methods RTS and RTST against the basic link traversal search algorithm LTS in terms of the execution time, while varying |R|, |N| and in respectively. Varying the number of routes |R|. As |R| increases, finding a path between two nodes becomes easier. This is exhibited by RTST and LTS. In contrast, the execution time of RTS increases with |R| as it performs more iteration compared to RTST, which has a stronger termination condition, and to LTS, which only visits links. Varying the route length The same observations hold when the route length increases. The performance of RTS deteriorates faster, since, in addition to requiring more iteration, each iteration costs more, as RTS inserts in the stack longer subsequences of routes. Varying the number of nodes |N|. When |N| increases, finding a path becomes harder. The advantage of RTST over RTS decreases with |N|, because the benefit of a stronger termination condition diminishes as the total execution time is dominated by the number of iterations required. The advantage of LTS over RTS decreases because the benefit of traversing the links diminishes as each link is contained in fewer routes. Note that even for large |N|, not examined in This experiments set, RTS can never outperform LTS as they employ the same termination condition and RTS will always need more iterations than LTS. The same argument carries to RTST compared to LTST. 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE The problem of evaluating path queries on large disk-resident routes collections that are frequently updated. It introduced two generic search based paradigms, route traversal search and link traversal search, that exploit local transitivity information to expedite path query evaluation. The involved index structures and their maintenance strategies are designed to cope with frequent updates The first time to define and solve the problem of multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data, and establish a variety of privacy requirements. Among various multi-keyword semantics, we choose the efficient principle of â€Å"coordinate matching†, i.e., as many matches as possible, to effectively capture similarity between query keywords and outsourced documents, and use â€Å"inner product similarity† to quantitatively formalize such a principle for similarity measurement. For meeting the challenge of supporting multi-keyword semantic without privacy breaches, first propose a basic MRSE scheme using secure inner product computation, and significantly improve it to achieve privacy requirements in two levels of threat models. Thorough analysis investigating privacy and efficiency guarantees of proposed schemes is given, and experiments on the real-world dataset show our proposed schemes introduce low overhead on both computation and communication. 6. REFERENCES P. Bouros, S. Skiadopoulos, T. Dalamagas, D. Sacharidis, and T. K.Sellis, â€Å"Evaluating reachability queries over path collections,†inSSDBM, 2009, pp. 398–416. E. Cohen, E. Halperin, H. Kaplan, and U. Zwick, â€Å"Reachability and distance queries via 2-hop labels,† in SODA, 2002, pp. 937–946. R. Schenkel, A. Theobald, and G. Weikum, â€Å"Hopi: An efficient connection index for complex xml document collections,†inEDBT, 2004, pp. 237–255. â€Å"Efficient creation and incremental maintenance of the hopi index for complex xml document collections,† in ICDE, 2005, pp.360–371. J. Cheng, J. X. Yu, X. Lin, H.Wang, and P. S. Yu, â€Å"Fast computation of reachability labeling for large graphs,† in EDBT, 2006, pp. 961–979. â€Å"Fast computing reachability labelings for large graphs with high compression rate,† in EDBT, 2008, pp. 193–204. R. Bramandia, B. Choi, and W. K. Ng, â€Å"On incremental maintenance of 2-hop labeling of graphs,† in WWW, 2008, pp. 845–854. R. Jin, Y. Xiang, N. Ruan, and D. Fuhry, â€Å"3-hop: a high compression indexing scheme for reachability query,† in SIGMODConference, 2009, pp. 813–826.

Aptitude Treatment Interaction Research :: Education Classrooms Essays

Aptitude Treatment Interaction Research Since the beginning of formal education, teachers/educators have sought the best method of instruction to maximize the learning potential of their students. It was recognized early that students differ in intelligence, ability to learn, background, environment, learning style, and many other factors that affected their progress through the educational system. Over time the classroom became the place for a teacher’s intuition, experiences, and impressions of the child to be the guidebook (Cronbach & Snow, 1969). As a result, aptitude treatment interaction (ATI) research developed as a way to find the best methods of instruction for the student population. Historical Perspective and Definitions ATI hypotheses were in ancient Chinese and Hebrew writings, in early Greek and Roman teaching, and early European philosophies. ATI, however, emerged as a modern research program when defined by Cronbach (1957) for instructional psychology. Since then, ATI research has been used extensively in the field of education and more recently in industrial and clinical psychology (Snow, 1991). As with any study, definitions are integral to the understanding of the topic. According to Snow (1991), "aptitude should refer to any measurable person characteristic hypothesized to be needed as preparation for response to treatment to successful goal achievement in the treatment(s) studied" (p.205). This writer prefers the definition given by Cronbach and Snow where "aptitude is defined as any characteristic of the individual that increases (or impairs) his probability of success in a given treatment" (Cronbach & Snow, 1969, p. 5). Cronbach and Snow also say that aptitude is, essentially, whatever makes a person ready to learn rapidly (or to adapt effectively to his environment). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language simply states that aptitude is the ability or inclination of an individual to develop skills or acquire knowledge (1969). Intelligence, motivation, and anxiety seem to be the most common aptitudes studied. Snow states that treatment is any manipulative situation variable (Snow 1991). In the education field, treatment refers to the teaching methods and techniques measured by the outcome of a post-test (Peck, 1983). Teacher characteristics and differences in teaching styles are treatments affecting the learning of students. Interaction is defined statistically as the degree to which results for two or more treatments, or one treatment over two or more trials, differ for persons who also differ on one or more aptitude measures (Snow, 1991). This writer believes that interaction in the context of ATI refers to bi-directional action observed between the aptitude variables of the subject and the teaching techniques and methods of the instructor.

Catch the Moon

Imagery is an important part of the novel story â€Å"Catch the Moon† by Judith Ortiz Cofer. The The story is about a trouble maker named Luis Cintron who has just gotten home from juvenile hall. Luis works in his father’s junkyard; he is not the happiest teenager doing that job. The author uses the literary element imagery to allow the reader to experience what Luis is experiencing. The author states, â€Å"She stood in the sunlight in her white sundress waiting for his father, while Luis started. She was like a smooth wood carving. Her skin was like mahogany color. † She is being Described as a dark skinned, graceful girl in a white dress. This description involves the sense of sight. The reader can picture Noami perfectly. (Pg. 64) The text states perfectly, â€Å"Eat the yellow rice and red beans, the fried chicken, mouth watering sweet plantains that his mother had cooked for them. † The description gives the reader an example of the color, flavor, and smell of the food. The author uses imagery to engage the reader’s sense of taste in the story. (Pg. 66) The story appeals to the sense of touch when the author states, â€Å"When it was almost midnight, Luis’s hands were cut bruised from his work†. This demonstrates imagery involving touch and the reader Imagines how Luis’s hands were cut, and bruised from his work. The imagery referring to touch is a great example of how things can be imagined in the reader’s head. Pg. 68) In conclusion, â€Å"Catch the Moon† is a story full of imagery. Luis is attracted by Naomi, she gets described really well, she helps Luis stay out of trouble and to stay on the right path. The food in the story was described in a great imagery of taste and smell. The imagery the author uses for touch gives the reader an idea of how Luis go cut and bruised. Using imagery in the story is a good way to read the experience of the characters.

The Rise of Communism in Russi essays

The Rise of Communism in Russi essays Unless we accept the claim that Lenin's coup that gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in today's Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groilers Socialism, of which Marxism-Leninism is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the country's educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social- Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four...